Treatment of Tide Gauge Time Series and Marine GNSS Measurements for Vertical Land Motion with Relevance to the Implementation of the Baltic Sea Chart Datum 2000

Tide gauge (TG) time series and GNSS measurements have become standard datasets for various scientific practical applications. However, the TG geodetic networks in Baltic Sea region are deforming due to vertical land motion (VLM), primary cause of which is glacial isostatic adjustment. Consequently, a correction VLM, either obtained from suitable VLM model or by utilizing space-geodetic techniques, must be applied ensure compatibility data sources. It common consider rate relative an arbitrary reference epoch, but this also yields that resulting may not directly comparable. The height reference, Chart Datum 2000 (BSCD2000), has been initiated facilitate effective use methods accurate navigation offshore surveying. BSCD2000 agrees with current national realizations countries. As TGs managed authorities rigorously connected systems, can used system. Hence, contribution aims review treatment outline potential error sources reference. Similar consideration given marine likewise require some applications (such as validating geoid models). described principles illustrated analyzing discussing numerical examples. These include investigations validation shipborne determined sea surface heights. latter employs high-resolution hydrodynamic model-based dynamic topography, linked using corrected data. Validation presented 1.7 cm deviation ?2.7 mean residual. estimates 1.9 ?10.2 cm, respectively, neglecting correction. inclusion thus demonstrates significant improvement toward consistency. Although focus on region, here applicable elsewhere.